UN’s Top Court to Hear Landmark Case on Climate Change Obligations

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) will begin hearing the largest case in its history on Monday, addressing what countries are legally required to do to combat climate change and help vulnerable nations. This case follows years of lobbying by island nations, particularly in the Pacific, which are facing existential threats due to rising sea levels. Last year, the UN General Assembly asked the ICJ for an advisory opinion on the legal obligations of states regarding climate change.

Vanuatu, a small island nation leading the legal push, seeks confirmation that the actions causing climate damage are unlawful. With global sea levels rising by about 4.3 cm over the past decade and global temperatures increasing by 1.3°C since pre-industrial times, vulnerable countries argue for stronger international legal action. Although the ICJ’s opinion will be non-binding, it could influence future legal actions, including lawsuits in individual countries.

Over two weeks, the ICJ will hear from 99 nations and over a dozen intergovernmental organizations, marking the largest lineup in the court’s nearly 80-year history. The hearings aim to clarify the legal obligations of countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the consequences for governments that fail to act on climate change.

While the ICJ’s decision won’t directly force countries to act, advocates hope it will serve as a powerful symbol and foundation for future climate action. The case aligns with growing calls from global leaders and activists, including those from the Pacific Islands, for stronger protections against climate change impacts.